Guides / Building Search UI / Going further

Routing URLs

On this page

You’re reading the documentation for Vue InstantSearch v3. Read our migration guide to learn how to upgrade from v2 to v3. You can still find the documentation for version 1 on our community website.

Overview

Vue InstantSearch provides the necessary API entries to let you synchronize the state of your search UI (e.g., refined widgets, current search query) with any kind of storage. This is possible via the routing option. This guide focuses on storing the UI state in the browser URL.

Synchronizing your UI with the browser URL is considered good practice. It allows your users to share one of your results page by copying its URL. It also improves the user experience by enabling the use of the back and next browser buttons to keep track of previous searches.

Guides How to Create Basic URLs Using Vue InstantSearch
How to Create SEO-Friendly URLs Using Vue InstantSearch
How to Combine SEO-Friendly URLs with Vue Router
How to Combine SEO-Friendly URLs with Nuxt.js

Basic URLs

This guide uses the router from InstantSearch.js. Make sure you add instantsearch.js to your project’s dependencies in addition to vue-instantsearch.

Vue InstantSearch provides a basic way to activate the browser URL synchronization with the routing option. You can find a live example on this sandbox.

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<template>
  <ais-instant-search
    :search-client="searchClient"
    index-name="instant_search"
    :routing="routing"
  >
    <!-- add the other components here -->
  </ais-instant-search>
</template>

<script>
import { history as historyRouter } from 'instantsearch.js/es/lib/routers';
import { singleIndex as singleIndexMapping } from 'instantsearch.js/es/lib/stateMappings';

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      searchClient: algoliasearch(
        'latency',
        '6be0576ff61c053d5f9a3225e2a90f76'
      ),
      routing: {
        router: historyRouter(),
        stateMapping: singleIndexMapping('instant_search'),
      },
    };
  },
};
</script>

Assume the following search UI state:

  • Query: “galaxy”
  • Menu:
    • categories: “Cell Phones”
  • Refinement List:
    • brand: “Apple”, “Samsung”
  • Page: 2

The resulting URL in your browser URL bar will look like this:

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https://website.com/?instant_search[query]=galaxy&instant_search[menu][categories]=All Unlocked Cell Phones&instant_search[refinementList][brand][0]=Apple&instant_search[refinementList][brand][0]=Samsung&instant_search[page]=2

This URL is accurate, and can be translated back to a search UI state. However, this isn’t the most human-readable, or optimized for search engines. We’ll see in the next section how to make it more SEO-friendly.

Rewriting URLs manually

The default URLs that InstantSearch generates are comprehensive, but if you have many widgets, this can also generate noise. You may want to decide what goes in the URL and what doesn’t, or even rename the query parameters to something that makes more sense to you.

The stateMapping defines how to go from InstantSearch’s internal state to a URL, and vice versa. You can override it to rename query parameters and choose what to include in the URL.

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export default {
  data() {
    return {
      searchClient: algoliasearch(
        'latency',
        '6be0576ff61c053d5f9a3225e2a90f76'
      ),
      routing: {
        stateMapping: {
          stateToRoute(uiState) {
            // ...
          },
          routeToState(routeState) {
            // ...
          },
        },
      },
    };
  },
};

InstantSearch manages a state called uiState. It contains information like query, facets, or the current page, including the hierarchy of the added widgets.

To persist this state in the URL, InstantSearch first converts the uiState into an object called routeState. This routeState then becomes a URL. Conversely, when InstantSearch reads the URL and applies it to the search, it converts routeState into uiState. This logic lives in two functions:

  • stateToRoute: converts uiState to routeState.
  • routeToState: converts routeState to uiState.

Assume the following search UI state:

  • Query: “galaxy”
  • Menu:
    • categories: “Cell Phones”
  • Refinement List:
    • brand: “Apple” and “Samsung”
  • Page: 2

This translates into the following uiState:

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{
  "your-index-name": {
    "query": "galaxy",
    "menu": {
      "categories": "Cell Phones",
    },
    "refinementList": {
      "brand": ["Apple", "Samsung"],
    },
    "page": 2,
  },
}

You can implement stateToRoute to flatten this object into a URL, and routeToState to restore the URL into a UI state:

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const indexName = 'instant_search';

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      indexName,
      searchClient: algoliasearch(
        'latency',
        '6be0576ff61c053d5f9a3225e2a90f76'
      ),
      routing: {
        stateMapping: {
          stateToRoute(uiState) {
            const indexUiState = uiState[indexName];
            return {
              q: indexUiState.query,
              categories: indexUiState.menu && indexUiState.menu.categories,
              brand:
                indexUiState.refinementList && indexUiState.refinementList.brand,
              page: indexUiState.page,
            }
          },
          routeToState(routeState) {
            return {
              [indexName]: {
                query: routeState.q,
                menu: {
                  categories: routeState.categories,
                },
                refinementList: {
                  brand: routeState.brand,
                },
                page: routeState.page,
              },
            };
          },
        },
      },
    };
  },
};

SEO-friendly URLs

This guide uses the router from InstantSearch.js. Make sure you add instantsearch.js to your project’s dependencies in addition to vue-instantsearch.

URLs are more than query parameters. Another important part is the path. Manipulating the URL path is a common e-commerce pattern that allows you to better reference your page results. In this section, you’ll learn how to create this kind of URLs:

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https://website.com/search/Cell+Phones/?query=galaxy&page=2&brands=Apple&brands=Samsung

This URL is composed of the path which now includes /search, then /Cell+Phones for the category. The query parameters are also simplified by only using the attribute name as key. This requires you to have only one widget per attribute.

Implementation example

Here’s an example where we’re storing the brand in the path name, and the query and page as query parameters. You can find a live example on this sandbox.

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import { history as historyRouter } from 'instantsearch.js/es/lib/routers';

// Returns a slug from the category name.
// Spaces are replaced by "+" to make
// the URL easier to read and other
// characters are encoded.
function getCategorySlug(name) {
  return name
    .split(' ')
    .map(encodeURIComponent)
    .join('+');
}

// Returns a name from the category slug.
// The "+" are replaced by spaces and other
// characters are decoded.
function getCategoryName(slug) {
  return slug
    .split('+')
    .map(decodeURIComponent)
    .join(' ');
}

const routing = {
  router: historyRouter({
    windowTitle({ category, query }) {
      const queryTitle = query ? `Results for "${query}"` : 'Search';

      if (category) {
        return `${category} – ${queryTitle}`;
      }

      return queryTitle;
    },

    createURL({ qsModule, routeState, location }) {
      const urlParts = location.href.match(/^(.*?)\/search/);
      const baseUrl = `${urlParts ? urlParts[1] : ''}/`;

      const categoryPath = routeState.category
        ? `${getCategorySlug(routeState.category)}/`
        : '';
      const queryParameters = {};

      if (routeState.query) {
        queryParameters.query = encodeURIComponent(routeState.query);
      }
      if (routeState.page !== 1) {
        queryParameters.page = routeState.page;
      }
      if (routeState.brands) {
        queryParameters.brands = routeState.brands.map(encodeURIComponent);
      }

      const queryString = qsModule.stringify(queryParameters, {
        addQueryPrefix: true,
        arrayFormat: 'repeat',
      });

      return `${baseUrl}search/${categoryPath}${queryString}`;
    },

    parseURL({ qsModule, location }) {
      const pathnameMatches = location.pathname.match(/search\/(.*?)\/?$/);
      const category = getCategoryName(
        (pathnameMatches && pathnameMatches[1]) || ''
      );
      const { query = '', page, brands = [] } = qsModule.parse(
        location.search.slice(1)
      );
      // `qs` does not return an array when there's a single value.
      const allBrands = Array.isArray(brands)
        ? brands
        : [brands].filter(Boolean);

      return {
        query: decodeURIComponent(query),
        page,
        brands: allBrands.map(decodeURIComponent),
        category,
      };
    },
  }),

  stateMapping: {
      stateToRoute(uiState) {
        const indexUiState = uiState['instant_search'] || {};

        return {
          query: indexUiState.query,
          page: indexUiState.page,
          brands: indexUiState.refinementList && indexUiState.refinementList.brand,
          category: indexUiState.menu && indexUiState.menu.categories
        };
      },

      routeToState(routeState) {
        return {
          instant_search: {
            query: routeState.query,
            page: routeState.page,
            menu: {
              categories: routeState.category
            },
            refinementList: {
              brand: routeState.brands
            },
          },
        };
      },
    },
  },
};

We are now using the history router to explicitly set options on the default router mechanism used in the first example. You can notice that we use both the router and stateMapping options to map uiState to routeState, and vice versa.

Using the routing option as an object, we can configure:

  • windowTitle: a method to map the routeState object returned from stateToRoute to the window title.
  • createURL: a method called every time we need to create a URL. This should be done when:
    • you want to synchronize the routeState to the browser URL,
    • you want to render a tags in the menu widget,
    • you call createURL in one of your connectors’ rendering methods.
  • parseURL: a method called every time the user loads or reloads the page, or clicks on the back or next buttons of the browser.

Making URLs more discoverable

In real-life applications, you might want to make specific categories easier to access by associating them with readable and memorable URLs.

Given our dataset, we can make some categories more discoverable:

  • “Cameras & Camcorders” → /Cameras
  • “Car Electronics & GPS” → /Cars

In this example, anytime users visit https://website.com/search/Cameras, it pre-selects the “Cameras & Camcorders” filter.

You can achieve this with a dictionary.

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// Step 1. Add the dictionaries to convert the names and the slugs
const encodedCategories = {
  Cameras: 'Cameras & Camcorders',
  Cars: 'Car Electronics & GPS',
  Phones: 'Cell Phones',
  TV: 'TV & Home Theater',
};

const decodedCategories = Object.keys(encodedCategories).reduce((acc, key) => {
  const newKey = encodedCategories[key];
  const newValue = key;

  return {
    ...acc,
    [newKey]: newValue,
  };
}, {});

// Step 2. Update the getters to use the encoded/decoded values
function getCategorySlug(name) {
  const encodedName = decodedCategories[name] || name;

  return encodedName
    .split(' ')
    .map(encodeURIComponent)
    .join('+');
}

function getCategoryName(slug) {
  const decodedSlug = encodedCategories[slug] || slug;

  return decodedSlug
    .split('+')
    .map(decodeURIComponent)
    .join(' ');
}

Note that you can build these dictionaries from your Algolia records.

With such a solution, you have full control over what categories are discoverable via the URL.

About SEO

For your search results to be part of search engines results, you have to be selective. Trying to index too many search results pages could be considered as spam.

To do that, you can create a robots.txt and host it at https://website.com/robots.txt.

Here’s an example based on the URL scheme we created.

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User-agent: *
Allow: /search/Audio/
Allow: /search/Phones/
Disallow: /search/
Allow: *

Combining with Vue Router

The previous examples were using the InstantSearch router. This is fine in almost all of the use cases, but if you plan on using Vue Router too, and also plan on reading the URL with Vue Router in the search page to show something outside of the InstantSearch life cycle, you can choose to synchronize with Vue Router. Note that this is not necessary if you are using Vue Router and are not planning to read from the URL.

The API we use of InstantSearch is the router, but instead of using historyRouter, a new one is written from scratch. The router key expects an object with the following keys as value:

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const routing = {
  router: {
    read() {
      /* read from the URL and return a routeState */
    },
    write(routeState) {
      /* write to the URL */
    },
    createURL(routeState) {
      /* return a URL as a string */
    },
    onUpdate(callback) {
      /* call this callback whenever the URL changed externally */
    },
    dispose() {
      /* remove any listeners */
    },
  },
};

We will fill in all these functions Vue Router. For simplicity, in this example we will not fill in a stateMapping, and we will also synchronize towards the query string completely. The default configuration of Vue Router does not allow for deeply nested URLs, so we have to implement that first in main.js:

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import qs from 'qs';

const router = new Router({
  routes: [
    // ...
  ],
  // set custom query resolver
  parseQuery(query) {
    return qs.parse(query);
  },
  stringifyQuery(query) {
    const result = qs.stringify(query);

    return result ? `?${result}` : '';
  },
});

Then we can fill in the router key on the routing object in the data function:

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const vueRouter = this.$router; /* get this from Vue Router */

const routing = {
  router: {
    read() {
      return vueRouter.currentRoute.query;
    },
    write(routeState) {
      vueRouter.push({
        query: routeState,
      });
    },
    createURL(routeState) {
      return vueRouter.resolve({
        query: routeState,
      }).href;
    },
    onUpdate(cb) {
      this._onPopState = ({ state }) => {
        const routeState = state;
        // at initial load, the state is read from the URL without
        // update. Therefore the state object is not there. In this
        // case we fallback and read the URL.
        if (!routeState) {
          cb(this.read());
        } else {
          cb(routeState);
        }
      };
      window.addEventListener('popstate', this._onPopState);
    },
    dispose() {
      window.removeEventListener('popstate', this._onPopState);
      this.write();
    },
  },
};

The live version of this example is also available here.

An ideal implementation would also listen to updates from Vue Router and propagate them into InstantSearch, which isn’t done here for brevity.

Combining with Nuxt.js

To enable routing in a Nuxt application, you can’t use the createServerRootMixin factory as a mixin as usual, because you need to access Vue Router which is only available on the component instance.

Here’s the workaround:

  1. Use createServerRootMixin in data, so this.$router is available.
  2. Create an InstantSearch router that wraps Vue Router.
  3. Set up provide like the root mixin would otherwise do.
  4. Set up findResultsState in serverPrefetch.
  5. Call hydrate in beforeMount.
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<template>
  <ais-instant-search-ssr>
    <!-- add the other components here -->
  </ais-instant-search-ssr>
</template>

<script>
import { AisInstantSearchSsr, createServerRootMixin } from 'vue-instantsearch';
import algoliasearch from 'algoliasearch/lite';

const searchClient = algoliasearch(
  'latency',
  '6be0576ff61c053d5f9a3225e2a90f76'
);

function nuxtRouter(vueRouter) {
  return {
    read() {
      return vueRouter.currentRoute.query;
    },
    write(routeState) {
      // Only push a new entry if the URL changed (avoid duplicated entries in the history)
      if (this.createURL(routeState) === this.createURL(this.read())) {
        return;
      }
      vueRouter.push({
        query: routeState,
      });
    },
    createURL(routeState) {
      return vueRouter.resolve({
        query: routeState,
      }).href;
    },
    onUpdate(cb) {
      if (typeof window === 'undefined') return;

      this._onPopState = event => {
        const routeState = event.state;
        // On initial load, the state is read from the URL without
        // update. Therefore, the state object isn't present. In this
        // case, we fallback and read the URL.
        if (!routeState) {
          cb(this.read());
        } else {
          cb(routeState);
        }
      };
      window.addEventListener('popstate', this._onPopState);
    },
    dispose() {
      if (typeof window === 'undefined') return;

      window.removeEventListener('popstate', this._onPopState);
    },
  };
}

export default {
  data() {
    // Create it in `data` to access the Vue Router
    const mixin = createServerRootMixin({
      searchClient,
      indexName: 'instant_search',
      routing: {
        router: nuxtRouter(this.$router),
      },
    });
    return {
      ...mixin.data(),
    };
  },
  provide() {
    return {
      // Provide the InstantSearch instance for SSR
      $_ais_ssrInstantSearchInstance: this.instantsearch,
    };
  },
  serverPrefetch() {
    return this.instantsearch.findResultsState(this).then(algoliaState => {
      this.$ssrContext.nuxt.algoliaState = algoliaState;
    });
  },
  beforeMount() {
    const results =
      (this.$nuxt.context && this.$nuxt.context.nuxtState.algoliaState) ||
      window.__NUXT__.algoliaState;

    this.instantsearch.hydrate(results);

    // Remove the SSR state so it can't be applied again by mistake
    delete this.$nuxt.context.nuxtState.algoliaState;
    delete window.__NUXT__.algoliaState;
  },
  components: {
    AisInstantSearchSsr,
    // Add your other components here
  },
};
</script>

Note that just like in Vue Router, you need to set up Nuxt’s Vue Router to write deep query strings. In Nuxt, you do this in nuxt.config.js like this:

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// nuxt.config.js
module.exports = {
  router: {
    parseQuery(queryString) {
      return require('qs').parse(queryString);
    },
    stringifyQuery(object) {
      var queryString = require('qs').stringify(object);
      return queryString ? '?' + queryString : '';
    },
  },
};
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